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3D tiskane hiše – cenejše in bolj trajnostne od gradnje?

Tehnologija tridimenzionalnega tiskanja (3D) se uveljavlja tudi v gradbeništvu, saj omogoča hitrejši in cenejši način postavitve zgradb s pomočjo ustrezno velikih tiskalnikov in primernih materialov.

Tiskanje hiše poteka s pomočjo posebnih velikih robotskih rok opremljenih z brizgalno šobo, s katero nanašajo beton ali druge utekočinjene materiale, ki so primerni za takšno uporabo.

Robotsko roko vodi programska oprema, za upravljanje z njo pa je dovolj ena oseba. Uporabljati je mogoče tudi naravna gradiva iz okolice (glina, ilovica, apnenec, podrastje gob – micelj) in reciklirane materiale. Po končanem tiskanju dodajo zaključne elemente, kot so okna, vrata, ostrešje in notranje inštalacije.

Prednosti, ki jih obljublja nov potencial tiskanja hiš

Tiskalniki omogočajo tudi postavitev objektov na težko dostopnih območjih.  Stroški gradnje so nižji, saj je manjša poraba energije, gradiv, manj je odpadkov, število potrebnih delavcev je manjše, gradnja pa je hitrejša. Ogljični odtis je manjši zaradi manjšega obremenjevanja okolja med projektiranjem in gradnjo, ter zaradi varčne uporabe surovin, ki se lahko reciklirajo ali jih celo pridobimo na lokaciji gradnje. Upoštevati pa je potrebno razmeroma visoke stroške izdelave in vzdrževanja tiskalnikov.

Tiskanje predstavlja velik potencial v gradbeništvu, vendar je potrebno upoštevati omejitve, ki jih postavljajo razpoložljivi materiali, velikost objektov in priprava predpisov, ki še niso povsem prilagojeni novi tehnologiji.

Prve tiskane hiše so naredili na Kitajskem, leta 2017 pa je nizozemsko podjetje Dus Architects v Amsterdamu natisnilo prvo hišo v Evropi.

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